Addition Of Bioactive Compounds Research Articles

A Review on Biopolymer-Based Biodegradable Film for Food Packaging: Trends over the Last Decade and Future Research

In recent years, much attention has been paid to the use of biopolymers as food packaging materials due to their important characteristics and properties. These include non-toxicity, ease of availability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, indicating their potential as an alternative to conventional plastic packaging that has long been under environmental scrutiny. Given the current focus on sustainable development, it is imperative to develop studies on biopolymers as eco-friendly and sustainable food packaging materials. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore trends and characteristics of biopolymer-based biodegradable films for food packaging, analyze the contribution of various journals and cooperation between countries, highlight the most influential authors and articles, and provide an overview of the social, environmental, and economic aspects of biodegradable films for food packaging. To achieve this goal, a bibliometric analysis and systematic review based on the PRISMA method were conducted. Relevant articles were carefully selected from the Scopus database. A bibliometric analysis was also conducted to discuss holistically, comprehensively, and objectively biodegradable films for food packaging. An increasing interest was found in this study, especially in the last 3 years with Brazil and China leading the number of papers on biodegradable films for food packaging, which were responsible for 20.4% and 12.5% of the published papers, respectively. The results of the keyword analysis based on the period revealed that the addition of bioactive compounds into packaging films is very promising because it can increase the quality and safety of packaged food. These results reveal that biodegradable films demonstrate a positive and promising trend as food packaging materials that are environmentally friendly and promote sustainability.

Microbial Surfactants to the Rescue

Industrial BiotechnologyVol. 19, No. 3 EditorialFree AccessMicrobial Surfactants to the RescueRichard A. GrossRichard A. GrossIndustrial BiotechnologySearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:15 Jun 2023https://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2023.29315.rgrAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Industrial Biotechnology provides the cosmetics industry with exciting, cost-competitive, safe and efficacious ingredients.The complexity of the relationship between skin epidermal cells and skin bacteria enables various types of beneficial synergistic relationships. In fact, skin's oily, moist, and dry surface regions provide an environment where microorganisms can thrive. One square centimeter of human skin contains about one billion different microorganisms that include fungi, bacteria, yeast and viruses. For a microorganism to thrive in the skin microbiota, they must provide benefits to the host. One such advantage provided by some bacteria is activation of the innate immune system. Some preferred members of the skin microflora produce antimicrobial compounds to help the skin ward off infections and curb propagation by pathogens. Such benefits highlight the importance of skin care products that promote the overall health of human skin.Presently, synthetic surfactants dominate the market for foaming and emulsifying agents in skincare products even though numerous reports have documented that such chemical surfactants and associated formulations are harmful to skin flora, triggering irritation and allergies. These deleterious effects can occur when surfactants interact negatively with lipids and proteins in skin. Furthermore, after multiple applications, the non-biodegradability of many synthetic surfactants results in accumulation that solubilizes essential skin lipids found within cells of the epidermis.Industrial Biotechnology is coming to the rescue with a family of naturally degradable, skin-safe compounds that work synergistically to provide benefits to skin flora, enhancing skin health. Numerous microbes efficiently produce natural surfactants in a wide range of structures and that fulfill important skin functions. Important examples of microbial surfactants include surfactin, a member of the lipopeptide family, as well as compounds characterized as glycolipids. Notable members of the glycolipid family include sophorolipids, rhamnolipids, and mannoslyerythritol lipids (MELs).It is important to note that microbial surfactants were designed to benefit the microbes that make them; this is why important work is underway to modify natural surfactants by simple and scalable approaches to improve their cost performance. Approaches to modify natural surfactants must meet “green chemistry” metrics or be carried out by physiological changes during fermentations. Recombinant microbial surfactant strains designed to prepare alternative microbial surfactant structures have been developed, though these strains are often not used as they are genetically modified organisms and thus unwelcome by some populations of the world community.The idea at play is that, even though the skin environment has evolved to be a healthy, self-contained ecosystem, the addition of bioactive compounds that enhance a healthy skin microbiome and can come to the aid of skin under environmental duress, is an attractive prospect. Microbial surfactants provide a plethora of natural, practical, and tunable options to explore.Microbial surfactants provide several important physiochemical qualities. For one, they consist of fatty acid structures that hydrate dry skin surfaces, function as antioxidants, and hinder free radical production caused by UV light. Also, biosurfactants consist of natural molecules such as peptides, carbohydrates and hydroxylated lipids that are analogous and therefore compatible with cell membrane components. Furthermore, the mobility of molecular entities through skin cell membranes is determined by their interfacial interactions with skin membrane components. The similarity of cell membrane and glycolipid components allow the latter to have high permeability through skin. Their incorporation into skin membranes can be used to regulate skin barrier properties. For example, the latter can promote skin repair processes and hair regeneration. In vitro experiments with MELS, sophorolipids and rhamnolipids have demonstrated their compatibility with human skin.Also, biosurfactant possess valuable interfacial phenomena such as promoting foaming, solubilization, emulsification and wetting properties that make them valuable constituents in lotions, powders, creams, shampoos, and other cosmetic formulations.Some examples of cosmetic products that contain microbial derived biosurfactants include Sopholiance™ S, a line of shower gels, face cleaners and deodorants produced by Givaudan Active Beauty (Paris, France); Relipidium™, a BASF (Monheim, Germany) product face and body moisturizer; and skin-care products (cleansers, moisturizers, UV filters) manufactured by Kanebo Cosmetics (Tokyo, Japan).Numerous reports document the antimicrobial properties of natural and modified biosurfactants. While, in many cases, the mechanism of action has not been defined, interactions with the cell membrane potentiate bioactivities that are detrimental to pathogens. Modified sophorolipids have been identified that provide effective virucidal and spermicidal activity with antiadhesive properties blocking adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms.Microbial-derived surfactants also function to disrupt biofilms, which is an important step in treating infections. Microbes that cause infections on skin produce exopolysaccharides and other substances that act as a shield against bacteria. This extracellular matrix protects bacteria, causing infections, as therapeutics now need to pass through high viscosity biofilms to kill the invading microbe. Biofilms are associated with skin diseases that include chronic wounds, impetigo, and acne vulgaris. Examples of organisms that cause skin infections and protect themselves by producing a biofilm include Cutibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hence, microbial-derived surfactants are effective because they disrupt biofilms by infiltrating the matrix, exposing individual microorganisms that then become easier to eliminate. Another important class of cosmetic products are moisturizers. While shampoos and body wash provide a feel-good effect when applied, prolonged contact with these products can harm the stratum corneum (outermost skin layer). Problems incurred include increasing the solubility of cell lipids and causing protein denaturation. Microbial-derived surfactants have been identified, tested, and found to be effective at moisturizing skin while providing better skin compatibility than currently used surfactants in moisturizer formulations. MELS, a member of the family of glycolipids produced by species of Candida, is a beneficial microbial surfactant moisturizer ingredient. MELS were tested using 3D skin models that were pretreated to exhibit dried skin and corresponding loss of cell viability. Treatment with a MEL analogue (MEL-A) resulted in about a 90% improvement in skin viability.Other skin irritations can occur due to skin disorders that result in inflammation and dry/itchy/scaly skin patches. This is often attributed to a deficiency in ceramide sphingolipids, which function as polar lipids in the stratum corneum responsible for skin barrier functions like maintaining cell adhesion and epidermal differentiation. While the best treatment would be to apply ceramides to affected skin areas, these are expensive. MELs have been used in place of ceramides, providing a cost-effective alternative treatment option. Overall, MELs are skin care ingredients that promote healthy skin microbiota through multiple pathways. Also, the analogue MEL-C is an effective radical scavenger. It follows that MELs are effective ingredients in skin-whitening formulations. These products have shown promise in treating hyperpigmentation by inhibiting melanocyte formation.In conclusion, the human skin is a responsive ecosystem that must effectively interact with changing environmental conditions. The skin functions as a primary barrier that is regularly challenged by toxins and pathogenic microorganisms. Results thus far support that the large family of microbial surfactants can play a critical role in protecting and nourishing the skin. The production of microbial-derived surfactants in virtually every known case provides a mixture of congeners, consisting of a family of analogues that differ in small but significant ways that can affect performance. Studies determining the effectiveness of microbial surfactant ingredients in cosmetic formulations have often used the natural mixture of congeners. This is cost-effective but troublesome since it is difficult to prepare microbial surfactant products with consistent mixture compositions. However, the presence of a mixture provides ideas developed by nature on how product properties can be tuned.Furthermore, post-modification of microbial surfactants provides a route to convert a product mixture into a more uniform combination of constituents. Modifications also provide opportunities to improve natural design that was optimized by evolution to serve microorganisms and not humans. There remains a major opportunity to relate structure and mechanism for the broad family of microbial surfactants and the complexity of skin biology.We are at the beginning of a journey where mechanistic insights will inform design principles that lead to more effective, naturally derived microbial surfactants for numerous applications, including cosmetic ingredients. Progress will rely on harnessing the power of Industrial Biotechnology to increase microbial surfactant yields from lower-cost substrates such as agro-industrial wastes and co-products. Easing of constraints in the use of genetically modified organisms will enable fine-tuning of product structures without the need for post-fermentation modification. Also, downstream processing must be integrated with innovations in upstream process development to truly optimize the biomanufacturing route.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 19Issue 3Jun 2023 InformationCopyright 2023, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishersTo cite this article:Richard A. Gross.Microbial Surfactants to the Rescue.Industrial Biotechnology.Jun 2023.95-96.http://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2023.29315.rgrPublished in Volume: 19 Issue 3: June 15, 2023PDF download

Physical Assessment of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyethylene Oxide Blend Film with Antioxidant or Antibacterial Composite Toward Wound Dressing Application

Wound dressing has a preferred characteristic to be ideal for wound healing application. Thus, the use of polymers and bioactive compounds requires optimization to ensure the ratio and concentration of blend polymer and the concentrations of the bioactive concentration in the film. This study prepared different ratios, and concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyethene oxide (PEO) blend film to determine its optimum ratio and concentration using the solution casting method. The antioxidant (Glutathione – GSH) and antibacterial agent (Allicin) were added to the optimized PVA/PEO blend to identify the effect on the physical characteristics of the films upon the addition of bioactive compounds. The physical assessment of the synthesized films showed that the 90PVA/10PEO with a total polymer concentration of 5% possess desirable physical characteristics (ease of peeling, foldability and transparency) and achieve 100.4% water uptake. In terms of the PVA/PEO/GSH and PVA/PEO/Allicin films, there was no difference in the ease of peeling, foldability, and transparency compared to the control film. In conclusion, 5% of 90 PVA/10PEO is the optimum ratio and concentration that can be used to incorporate bioactive compounds such as GSH and Allicin.

Increase in the antioxidant content in biscuits by infusions or Prosopis chilensis pod flour

Abstract Nowadays there is an increasing demand for healthy biscuits. The reduction in sugar and fat level, as well as the addition of bioactive compounds, is positively associated with a healthy diet. In the present work, low-fat and low-sugar biscuits were prepared with infusions (mate, coffee, and tea) or with Prosopis chilensis pod flour (PPF). Biscuits were made with maize starch and wheat flour (gluten formulations) or with gluten-free ingredients (gluten-free). The colour, texture, and the antioxidant capacity were evaluated in dough and biscuits. Among the formulations prepared with infusions, the mate dough showed the lowest firmness (1.1 N (gluten)-24.3 N (gluten-free)). However, no significant differences were found in the fracture stress of the final products (P > 0.05). Mate gluten biscuits and PPF gluten-free biscuits showed the highest fracture strain (16.2 and 9.4%, respectively) and the lowest Young’s modulus (7.3 and 13.3 MPa, respectively) in their groups. The highest antioxidant activity was found in biscuits with mate (8.7 µmol FeSO4/g (gluten)-4.3 µmol FeSO4/g (gluten-free)). These values were three times higher than the ones found in the control biscuits (2.9 µmol FeSO4/g (gluten)-3.9 µmol FeSO4/g (gluten-free)). The present results showed that the antioxidant content in biscuits could be successfully increased with infusion addition.

Veiled Extra Virgin Olive Oils: Role of Emulsion, Water and Antioxidants

This review traces the current knowledge on the effects of various factors and phenomena that occur at interface, and the role of dispersed phase on the physicochemical, sensorial and nutritional characteristics of veiled extra virgin olive oil (VVOO). Since 1994 there have been numerous articles in the literature regarding the peculiar characteristic of unfiltered olive oil, so-called veiled or cloud virgin olive oil. It is a colloidal system (emulsion–sol), where the continuous lipidic phase dispreads mini droplets of milling water, fragments of cells and biotic fraction obtained from oil processing. During storage, the dispersed phase collapses and determines the quality of the virgin olive oil (VOO). The observed phenomena lead to worsening the quality of the product by causing defects such as oxidation of phenols, triacylglycerols hydrolysis and off-flavor formation. The addition of bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, on product based on VVOO, must take into account the eventual synergistic effect of individual substances. The role of the interphase is crucial to the synergic activity of bioactive molecules in improving oxidative stability, sensorial and health characteristics of VVOO.

Kinetics of Vacuum Impregnation of Parallelepipeds of Cidra (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz) with Mora and Grape Formulations

La cidra Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw., se encuentra entre los alimentos con bajo contenido de grasa y alto contenido en fibra, vitaminas y minerales y puede ser utilizada como vehículo para la adición de compuestos bioactivos. El proceso de impregnación a vacío (IV) se utiliza como alternativa para la conservación y adición de compuestos bioactivos y solutos, mejorando las características nutricionales y sensoriales, para realizar este proceso se utilizaron los frutos de mora y uva por su atractivo color, jugosidad, sabor agradable y alto contenido de vitaminas, minerales y compuestos fenólicos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la cinética de impregnación a vacío de paralelepípedos de cidra en formulaciones de mora y uva. Se prepararon cinco formulaciones % v/v con pulpa de mora y uva (A:100% mora, B:100% uva, C: 25% mora/75% uva, D:50% mora/50%uva, E:75% uva/25% mora), la cidra se troceó en geometría de paralelepípedos y se sumergieron en las formulaciones para realizar la IV aplicando un pulso de vacío de 50 mbar los primeros 5 min seguido de restauración de la presión atmosférica durante 5 min; este procedimiento se repitió hasta alcanzar peso constante. Las muestras de cidra alcanzaron el equilibrado entre 100 y 120 min de tratamiento. La formulación D fue la que mejor respondió a este sistema de presiones, ya que los paralelepípedos presentaron menor pérdida de peso lo que indica mayor ganancia de solutos.

Extracellular Vesicles as Vehicles for the Delivery of Food Bioactives.

The nutritional value of food can be improved by the addition of bioactive compounds. However, most of these favorable food additives demonstrate low bioavailability because of their limited stability, solubility, and structural transformations upon digestion and absorption. One strategy to combat these limitations is to integrate bioactives into nanoparticles, although the mostly used artificial materials may result in immune system activation and fast clearing times. Therefore, novel, more biocompatible delivery systems are required. Extracellular vesicles are communication tools designed by evolution to transfer information between cells, organs, and whole organisms. Hence, these vesicles offer enormous potential for targeted bioactive compound delivery.

Research on the quality assurance of fermented dairy products with addition of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants

Fermented dairy products are highly appreciated due to the benefits that bring to consumers’ health and because they can be eaten at an early age. Extracts of medicinal plants have been used since antiquity, including in the treatment of digestive diseases. These medicinal plants bring many benefits to consumers and they help to treat numerous digestive disorders, diseases caused by stress or irritation of the skin. The objective of this research is to identify hazards, to assess risks and to establish critical control points from the technological flow of obtaining fermented dairy products with the addition of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. The methods used to conduct research are different qualitative analysis tools because bioactive compounds from medicinal plants require more special processing conditions.

FFC’s Advancement of Functional Food Definition

Background: To create functional food products based on scientific evidence, we must first define functional foods. Previous definitions describe how functional foods improve health and mitigate disease. However, more refined definitions provide a reason for their efficacy–through the activity of bioactive compounds and the measurement of biomarkers, which are the essential tools for gauging the effectiveness of functional foods.Functional foods are generally linked to health promotion. The physiological effects of functional food or bioactive compounds may vary, but their categories of action include physical performance, cognitive, behavioral, and psychological function, organ or system function, and combating chronic disease [1, 2].Therefore, establishing a formal definition for these foods will help bring legitimate functional foods to the market. The addition of bioactive compounds, or biochemical molecules that improve health through the physiological mechanisms, improves the definition of functional foods. As a result, the advancement of the functional food definition by the Functional Food Center (FFC) has developed to provide clarity and a more comprehensive understanding of its meaning.

Immobilization of bioactive compounds in Cassia grandis galactomannan-based films: Influence on physicochemical properties

Galactomannan extracted from Cassia grandis seeds was used for the production of films containing different concentrations of the bioactive compounds lactoferrin (LF), bioactive peptides (BAPs), and phytosterols. SEM, FTIR, mechanical and thermal properties, colour, moisture content (MC), solubility, water vapour permeability (WVP), and contact angle (CA) were performed evaluating the effect of increasing concentrations of bioactive compounds on the films’ physicochemical properties. The immobilization of bioactive compounds leads to films with roughness on their surface, as observed by SEM. The thermal events demonstrated that bioactive compounds avoided the establishment of more hydrogen bonds when compared to galactomannan control film; this behaviour was also confirmed by FTIR. All the studied films had a strong whiteness tendency as well as a yellowish appearance. The addition of Lf reduced MC and solubility values and leads to an increase of WVP and CA values, while the addition of BAPs and phytosterols did not changed the filmś solubility. The mechanical properties were affected by the addition of bioactive compounds, which improved the stiffness of the films. Galactomannan-based films from C. grandis showed to be a promising structure for the immobilization of biomolecules, pointing at a significant number of possible applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Quercetin and curcumin in nanofibers of polycaprolactone and poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate): Assessment of in vitro antioxidant activity

ABSTRACTPolymeric nanofibers are materials that can be used as scaffolds in tissue engineering. Quercetin and curcumin are antioxidants because of scavenge free radicals and chelate metal ions properties, protecting tissues of lipid peroxidation. The objective of this study was to develop a scaffold with potential antioxidant activity that was produced from nanofibers consisting of polycaprolactone (PCL) and a blend of PCL/poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHB‐HV) with the addition of quercetin or curcumin as the bioactive compound. Curcumin and quercetin were integrated into the solution at a concentration of 3%. The electrospun nanofibers were characterized using calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, and the addition of bioactive compounds did not alter the thermal properties of the biomaterial. The antioxidant activity of scaffolds with the active compounds was evaluated by hydrate 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) methods. The scaffolds with PCL and PCL/PHB‐HV blend with quercetin exhibited higher antioxidant activity than curcumin with both methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43712.

Delivery of Flavonoids and Saponins from Black Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Seed Coats Incorporated into Whole Wheat Bread.

Cereal-based products can be used as vehicles for the delivery of relevant bioactive compounds since they are staple foods for most cultures throughout the world. The health promoting benefits of flavonoids and saponins contained in black bean seed coats have been previously described. In the present work, the effect of adding flavonoids and saponins from black bean seed coat to the typical yeast-leavened whole wheat bread formulation in terms of bread features, organoleptic properties and phytochemical profile was studied. The retention of bioactive compounds was determined and the inhibitory effects of in vitro enzyme digested samples on two colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and HT29) was evaluated. The addition of bioactive compounds did not significantly affect baking properties or texture parameters. Among organoleptic properties of enriched breads, only crumb color was affected by the addition of bioactive compounds. However, the use of whole wheat flour partially masked the effect on color. More than 90% of added flavonoids and saponins and 80% of anthocyanins were retained in bread after baking. However, saponins were reduced more than 50% after the in vitro enzyme digestion. The black bean seed coat phytochemicals recovered after in vitro enzyme digestion of enriched breads significantly reduced by 20% the viability of colon cancer cells without affecting standard fibroblast cells (p < 0.05).

3D-printed polymers for biomedical applications

cant technology leaps take place simultaneously in several complementary areas. This is the case in polymeric biomaterials’ technology. Amazing advances have been made in the additive manufacturing technologies, i.e. 3D-printing. It is a family of different layer by layer manufacturing methods like fused deposition modeling, powder laser sintering, ink-jet printing, stereo lithography, two or multi photon polymerization and hydrogel 3D-printing. All of them applicable for processing of polymeric materials. Essential developments have taken place also in biomedical imaging and 3D-design to create the necessary digital models needed for the 3D-printing. At the same time great progress has been achieved in biopolymers’ development. They can be tailored to be biostable or bioresorbable in a controlled way, or in some cases even bioactive. Bioactivity has been achieved through addition of bioactive compounds like bioactive glass or through functionalization of the polymeric structure (www.kunststoffe-international.com/1332070, DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06. 039, DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.10.014, DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32863, DOI: 10.1002/pola.27400, DOI: 10.1039/C5TB01468A). The parallel advance which has taken place in the biomedical sciences has significantly improved the options in regenerative medicine and may even enable tissue engineering. For polymer research this important and fast developing area offers great opportunities of high societal impact. However, the demands for polymer properties are strict for the novel biomaterials. They should meet the various physical criteria set by the needs of the application, but in addition the demand of non-toxicity is a self-evident must in biomedical applications. Successful 3D-additive manufacturing sets requirements to master the viscosities and liquid to solid transitions in the printing process. In stereo lithography the oligomeric low viscosity prepolymers need to be fast photo curing; with photo curing chemistry that is non-toxic in the biological environment and can get approved by the authorities. Especially for resorbable polymers there is a need to find alternative curing chemistries in addition to acrylate or methacrylate based systems. (www.kunststoffe-international.com/1325854) Complementary research interplay is essential in this field of science. An excellent example of such an effort has been the ArtiVasc 3D-project funded by the 7 Framework Program of the European Union to prepare polymeric scaffolds for vascularized, cell tissue cultivated skin like tissue. Outcome of the project is presented in the video: ArtiVasc 3D on the Way to Bio-Artificial Tissue. Novel technologies, breakthroughs in biomedical sciences together with innovative novel polymers enable jointly significant enhancements for life!

Effects of extracts rich in phytosterols, flavonoids and saponins from black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed coats on gene expression involved in β‐oxidation and lipogenesis

Liver X receptors (LXR) α and β are transcription factors that regulate the expression of key genes involved in hepatic fatty acid synthesis (FAS, SREBP‐1c) and reverse‐transport cholesterol(ABCG5/G8) that are activated by their natural ligands the oxysterols. Thus, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of two extracts, one rich in flavonoids and saponins (FSE) and other rich in phytosterols (PHE) associated to black bean seed coats, on the expression of LXR‐regulated hepatic genes (ABCG5, SREBP‐1c and FAS) as well as CPT1, the rate‐limiting enzyme of the β‐oxidation of long‐chain fatty acids in primary rat hepatocytes. The results showed that FSE decreased the LXR‐regulated hepatic gene expression in a dose‐dependent manner. Interestingly, CPT1 was overexpressed when PHE was tested. Both extracts were able to suppress the effects of T090131, a synthetic LXR ligand that increased the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis. Our data suggest that addition of bioactive compounds from black bean has the capacity to decrease the activity of LXR, particularly the alpha isoform, and increased the expression of genes involved in β‐oxidation. The research support was provided by the Nutrigenomics chair at Tecnológico de Monterrey.